Izindlela zokwenziwa kwe-acrylate reactive diluents zifaka phakathi i-esterification eqondile, i-transesterification, indlela ye-acid chloride, i-phase-transfer catalysis, kanye ne-esterification eyengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, iningi likhiqizwa nge-esterification eqondile.
(1) Ukuqinisekiswa Okuqondile
CH₂=CHCOOH + ROH -catalyst→ CH₂=CHCOOR + H₂O
Ama-catalyst asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqiniseni i-esterification afaka phakathi i-sulfuric acid egxilile, i-p-toluenesulfonic acid, kanye ne-methanesulfonic acid. Ukusebenzisa i-sulfuric acid egxilile njengesikhuthazi se-esterification kuvame ukubangela ukusabela okungekuhle njengokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, i-oxidation, kanye nokuziqinisa kwama-reactants. Lokhu kukhiqiza imikhiqizo eyahlukene, kwenza kube nzima ukuhlanzwa komkhiqizo kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kuphazamisa izinqubo zangemva kokwelashwa, futhi kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngenkathi kugqwala imishini. Ngenxa yalokho, i-PTSA isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni kwamanje ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo, kufaka phakathi izidingo zomthamo ophansi, amazinga okushisa aphansi okusabela, amazinga aphezulu okuguqulwa, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephezulu. Lapho kuqedwa ukusabela, isikhuthazi singahlukaniswa kalula nomkhiqizo, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba komsebenzi wenqubo. Amanzi akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusabela kwe-esterification asuswa kusetshenziswa i-azeotropic entrainer (i-dehydrating agent). Ama-entrainer avamile afaka i-benzene, i-toluene, i-xylene, i-cyclohexane, kanye ne-n-heptane, akha ama-azeotropes ngamanzi okusabela ukuze awathwale. Ama-alkanes ayabiza futhi ayashintshashintsha kakhulu; i-xylene inephuzu eliphezulu lokubila; i-benzene inephuzu eliphansi lokubila kanye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu, okwenza kube nzima ukululama, futhi ibonisa ubuthi obuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, i-toluene ngokuvamile ikhethwa njenge-entrainer. I-Toluene inephuzu lokubila elingu-110°C kanye nephuzu lokubila le-azeotropic ... Ama-polymerization inhibitors kumele angeniswe ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenziwa kwe-esterification ukuvimbela i-polymerization yangaphambi kwesikhathi ye-acrylic acid monomer kanye nomkhiqizo we-acrylate ophumelayo. Ama-inhibitors asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka ama-phenolic compounds (njenge-hydroquinone [HQ] kanye ne-tert-butylhydroquinone [TBHQ]), ama-amine compounds (njenge-phenothiazine kanye ne-p-phenylenediamine), kanye nama-coordination complexes e-copper (njenge-copper dimethyldiethyldithiocarbamate kanye ne-copper dibutyl dithiocarbamate), asetshenziswa ngawodwana noma njengomuthi ohlanganisiwe. Kuma-alkyl acrylates aphezulu, i-melt esterification ingasetshenziswa. Le ndlela iqeda isidingo se-entrainer futhi inciphise umthamo odingekayo wama-catalyst nama-inhibitor. Ngemva kokusabela kwe-reflux ku-110–120°C, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kwenziwa, futhi i-acrylic acid engaphenduliwe kanye namanzi asele ekugcineni asuswa nge-vacuum distillation, okunikeza ama-alkyl acrylates aphezulu ngobumsulwa obuphezulu kanye nesivuno esiphezulu.
(2) Ukuguqulwa kwe-ester
CH₂=CHCOOCH₃ + ROH → CH₂=CHCOOR + CH₃OH
Lapho kulungiswa ama-acrylates aphezulu e-alkyl noma ama-acrylates asebenzayo nge-transesterification, i-methyl acrylate ivame ukukhethwa njengento yokuqala ye-alkyl ester ephansi. Ngenxa yephuzu layo eliphansi lokubila (80°C), i-esterification kumele yenziwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi, okwandisa isikhathi sokusabela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-methanol yomkhiqizo olandelanayo yakha i-azeotrope ene-methyl acrylate (iphuzu lokubila 62–63°C), ethwala i-methyl acrylate esabelayo futhi ngenxa yalokho yehlise isivuno se-ester ephezulu eqondiwe. I-Methyl acrylate kanye nama-acrylates aphezulu athambekele kakhulu ku-copolymerization kanye ne-homopolymerization, okunciphisa isivuno sama-acrylates aphezulu; ngakho-ke, imithamo eyengeziwe yama-inhibitors ivame ukudingeka. Ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kwezindleko kanye nobunzima bangemva kokwelashwa, le ndlela ayisasetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano ekuhlanganiseni ama-acrylates aphezulu e-alkyl kanye nama-acrylates asebenzayo.
(3) Indlela ye-Acid Chloride
CH₂=CHCOOH + SOCl₂ → CH₂=CHCOCl + HCl + CO₂
CH₂=CHCOCl + ROH → CH₂=CHCOOR + HCl
Le ndlela iqala ngokuphendula i-acrylic acid ne-thionyl chloride ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-acryloyl chloride, bese kuba nokusabela kwe-esterification ne-alcohol. Ayidingi ama-catalyst noma ama-entrainers. Ngenxa yokuthi ukusabela kuqhubeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukungezwa kwama-polymerization inhibitors nakho kuyagwenywa. I-esterification iqhubeka cishe ngobuningi, okunikeza ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo obumangalisayo. Kodwa-ke, kuyinqubo enezinyathelo ezimbili enezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu. Ukusabela kukhiqiza amavolumu amakhulu amagesi e-HCl kanye ne-SO₂, adinga izinhlelo zokuhlanza ezinezigaba eziningi ngezixazululo ze-alkaline ezincibilikisiwe kanye namanzi okumunca.
(4) I-Phase-Transfer Catalysis (PTC)
2CH₂=CH₃|C-COOH + Na₂CO₃ → 2CH₂=CH₃|C-COONA + CO₂ + H₂O
CH₂=CH₃|C-COONA + ClCH₂-CH₂O → CH₂=CH₃|C-COOCH₂-CH₂O + NaCl
I-Sodium methacrylate ikhona njengento eqinile, kanti i-epichlorohydrin iyi-liquid. Uma kungekho catalyst, ukusabela phakathi kwazo kuhamba kancane kakhulu, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). Ama-phase-transfer catalyst afanelekile afaka usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, usawoti we-quaternary phosphonium, kanye nama-crown ether. Ama-quaternary ammonium salts yiwona avame kakhulu, njenge-cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), i-benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTMAC), kanye ne-tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Ukuba khona komswakama ohlelweni lokusabela kubangela ukusabela okungekuhle; ngakho-ke, ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivuno, kokubili izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nohlelo lokusabela kumele kugcinwe ku-anhydrous futhi komile.
(5) Ukwengezwa kwe-Esterification
CH₂=R₁|C-COOH + CH₂-CH₂O-R₂ → CH₂=R₁|C-COO-CH₂-OH|CH₂-R₂
Ngokufaka i-ethylene oxide noma i-propylene oxide ngqo ku-(meth)acrylic acid lapho kukhona i-catalyst, kwenzeka i-esterification yokuvula indandatho, okuhlanganisa ama-hydroxy (meth)acrylates (njenge-HEA, i-HEMA, i-HPA, noma i-HPMA). 
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-10-2026
