Njengoba isithakazelo sikhula kuma-inki amasha e-UV LED kanye ne-Dual-Cure UV, abakhiqizi abaphambili be-inki abalaphekayo banethemba ngekusasa lobuchwepheshe.
Imakethe ephulukiswa ngamandla - i-ultraviolet (UV), i-UV LED kanye ne-electron beam (EB) curing– ibilokhu iyimakethe eqinile isikhathi eside, njengoba ukusebenza kahle kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni kokuthengisa ezinhlelweni eziningi.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokuphulukisa amandla busetshenziswa ezimakethe eziningi ezahlukene, uyinki kanye nobuciko bezithombe kube ngenye yezingxenye ezinkulu kakhulu.
"Kusukela ekupakisheni kuya ezimpawini, amalebula, kanye nokunyathelisa kwezentengiselwano, uyinki ocijile we-UV unikeza izinzuzo ezingenakuqhathaniswa maqondana nokusebenza kahle, ikhwalithi, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo,"kusho uJayashri Bhadane, we-Transparency Market Research IncUBhadane ulinganisela ukuthi imakethe izofinyelela ku-$4.9 billion ekuthengisweni ekupheleni kuka-2031, ku-CAGR engu-9.2% minyaka yonke.
Abakhiqizi abaphambili be-inki abalaphekayo ngamandla nabo banethemba elifanayo. UDerrick Hemmings, umphathi womkhiqizo, isikrini, i-flexo elaphekayo ngamandla, i-LED eNyakatho Melika,Amakhemikhali Elanga, uthe yize umkhakha wamandla ongelapheka uqhubeka nokukhula, ubuchwepheshe obuthile obukhona abusasetshenziswa kakhulu, njenge-UV yendabuko kanye noyinki ojwayelekile ofakwe amashidi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-offset.
UHideyuki Hinataya, uMqondisi Jikelele we-Overseas Ink Sales Division ye-I-T&K Toka, okuyingxenye ye-inki elaphekayo ngamandla, kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwe-inki eziqeda amandla kuyanda uma kuqhathaniswa ne-inki ezivamile ezisekelwe kumafutha.
UZeller+Gmelin futhi unguchwepheshe ophulukiswa ngamandla; uTim Smith waseI-Zeller+Gmelin'sIthimba Lokuphathwa Komkhiqizo liphawule ukuthi ngenxa yezinzuzo zalo zemvelo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kahle, imboni yokunyathelisa iya ngokuya isebenzisa uyinki oqinisa amandla, njengobuchwepheshe be-UV kanye ne-LED.
“Lawa ma-inki akhipha ama-organic compounds aphansi (ama-VOC) kune-solvent inks, ahambisana nemithethonqubo eqinile yezemvelo kanye nemigomo yokuzinza,” kusho uSmith. “Anikeza ukupholisa okusheshayo kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise umkhiqizo.
“Futhi, ukunamathela kwazo okuphezulu, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali kuzenza zifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukupakishwa kwama-CPG namalebula,” kusho uSmith. “Naphezu kwezindleko zokuqala eziphakeme, ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ezikulethayo kuqinisekisa ukutshalwa kwezimali. I-Zeller+Gmelin iye yamukela lo mkhuba wokusebenzisa ama-inki okwelapha amandla abonisa ukuzibophezela kwemboni ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha, ukusimama, kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezishintshashintshayo zamakhasimende nezinhlangano ezilawulayo.”
U-Anna Niewiadomska, umphathi wezokukhangisa emhlabeni jikelele wewebhu encane,Iqembu le-Flint, uthe intshisekelo kanye nokukhula komthamo wokuthengisa kwama-inki alaphekayo amandla kuye kwenza intuthuko enkulu eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, okwenza kube inqubo yokuphrinta evelele emkhakheni wewebhu omncane.
“Izinto ezibangela lokhu kukhula zihlanganisa ikhwalithi yokunyathelisa ethuthukisiwe kanye nezici, ukwanda kokukhiqiza, kanye nokuncipha kwamandla kanye nokuchitha, ikakhulukazi ngokuqala kwe-UV LED,” kuphawula uNiewiadomska. “Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyinki ophulukiswa ngamandla ungahlangana - futhi uvame ukudlula - ikhwalithi ye-letterpress kanye ne-offset futhi ulethe izici zokunyathelisa ezithuthukisiwe ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-substrate kune-flexo esekelwe emanzini.”
UNiewiadomska wengeze ngokuthi njengoba izindleko zamandla zanda futhi izidingo zokusimama ziqhubeka nokuba yinto ephambili, ukwamukelwa kwe-UV LED elaphekayo kanye noyinki oqinisayo kabili kuyakhula,
“Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi sibona intshisekelo ekhulayo hhayi nje kuphela kumaphrinta ewebhu amancane kodwa futhi nakumaphrinta e-flexo e-wide and mid-web afuna ukonga imali emandleni nokunciphisa i-carbon footprints yawo,” kuqhubeka uNiewiadomska.
“Siyaqhubeka nokubona intshisekelo yemakethe kuma-inki kanye nezingubo zokugcoba amandla kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezingxenye ezisetshenziswayo,” kusho uBret Lessard, umphathi womkhiqizo we-Inkampani ye-INX International Ink, kubika. “Isivinini sokukhiqiza esisheshayo kanye nomthelela oncishisiwe kwezemvelo okulethwa yilawa ma-inki kuhambisana kakhulu nokugxila kwamakhasimende ethu.”
UFabian Köhn, inhloko yomhlaba wonke yokuphathwa kwemikhiqizo yewebhu emincane e-I-Siegwerk, uthe yize ukuthengiswa kwama-ink okushisa amandla e-US naseYurophu kumile okwamanje, iSiegwerk ibona imakethe eguquguqukayo kakhulu enesigaba se-UV esikhulayo e-Asia.
“Imishini emisha yokunyathelisa ye-flexo manje isihlonyiswe kakhulu ngezibani ze-LED, futhi ekunyatheliseni kwe-offset amakhasimende amaningi asevele etshala imali ekushiseni kwe-UV noma kwe-LED ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini yokunyathelisa ye-offset evamile,” kuphawula uKöhn.
Ukuphakama kwe-UV LED
Kunezindlela ezintathu zobuchwepheshe eziyinhloko ngaphansi kwesambulela esingelapheka ngamandla. I-UV ne-UV LED yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke, kanti i-EB incane kakhulu. Umncintiswano othakazelisayo uphakathi kwe-UV ne-UV LED, entsha futhi ekhula ngokushesha okukhulu.
“Kukhona ukuzibophezela okukhulayo kwabaphrinta ukufaka i-UV LED emishinini emisha neyakhiwe kabusha,” kusho uJonathan Graunke, iPhini likaMongameli wezobuchwepheshe be-UV/EB kanye nomqondisi osizayo we-R&D we-INX International Ink Co. “Ukusetshenziswa kwe-UV end-of-press kusavame ukulinganisela imiphumela yezindleko/yokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ngezingubo.”
UKöhn ukhombe ukuthi njengaseminyakeni edlule, i-UV LED ikhula ngokushesha kune-UV yendabuko, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, lapho izindleko zamandla eziphezulu zisebenza khona njengesisusa sobuchwepheshe be-LED.
“Lapha, abaphrinta batshala imali kakhulu kubuchwepheshe be-LED ukuze bathathe indawo yezibani ze-UV ezindala noma ngisho nemishini yokunyathelisa yonke,” kusho uKöhn. “Kodwa-ke, sibona futhi ukuqhubeka komfutho oqinile wokwelapha i-LED ezimakethe ezifana ne-India, i-Southeast Asia kanye ne-Latin America, kuyilapho i-China ne-US sezivele zibonisa ukungena okuphezulu kwe-LED emakethe.”
UHinataya uthe ukunyathelisa nge-UV LED kukhule kakhulu. “Izizathu zalokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi yizindleko zikagesi ezikhuphukayo kanye nokushintsha kwezibani ze-mercury kuya kwezibani ze-LED,” kusho uHinataya.
UJonathan Harkins weQembu Lokuphathwa Komkhiqizo likaZeller+Gmelin ubike ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED budlula ukukhula kokwelashwa kwe-UV okuvamile embonini yokunyathelisa.
“Lokhu kukhula kubangelwa izinzuzo ze-UV LED, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, isikhathi eside sokuphila kwama-LED, ukukhishwa kokushisa okuncishisiwe, kanye nekhono lokwelapha uhla olubanzi lwezingqimba ngaphandle kokulimaza izinto ezizwela ukushisa,” kusho uHarkins.
“Lezi zinzuzo zihambisana nokugxila okwandayo embonini ekusimeni nasekusebenzeni kahle,” kusho uHarkins. “Ngenxa yalokho, abaphrinta batshala imali emishinini ehlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha i-LED. Lolu shintsho lubonakala ekwamukelweni okusheshayo kwezinhlelo ze-UV LED emakethe kuzo zonke izimakethe eziningi zokunyathelisa ze-Zeller+Gmelin, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-flexographic, dry offset, kanye ne-litho-printing. Lo mkhuba ubonisa ukunyakaza okubanzi kwemboni okuya ezixazululweni zokunyathelisa ezinobungani nemvelo nezingabizi kakhulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-UV LED obuphambili.”
UHemmings uthe i-UV LED iyaqhubeka nokukhula kakhulu njengoba imakethe ishintsha ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezinkulu zokusimama.
“Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, ikhono lokwenza izinto ezilula, kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa izinto ezizwela ukushisa konke kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezibangela ukusetshenziswa kwe-inki ye-UV LED,” kuphawula uHemmings. “Bobabili abaguquli kanye nabanikazi bomkhiqizo bacela izixazululo ezengeziwe ze-UV LED, futhi abakhiqizi abaningi bemishini yokucindezela manje bakhiqiza imishini yokucindezela engaguqulwa kalula ibe yi-UV LED ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo.”
UNiewiadomska uthe ukukhishwa kwe-UV LED kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni emithathu edlule ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izindleko zamandla ezikhulayo, izidingo zokunciphisa i-carbon footprints, kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza.
“Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibona uhla olubanzi kakhulu lwezibani ze-UV LED emakethe, ezihlinzeka abaphrinta nabaguquli ngohlu olubanzi lwezinketho zezibani,” kuphawula uNiewiadomska. “Abaguquli bewebhu abancane emhlabeni wonke babona ukuthi i-UV LED iwubuchwepheshe obuqinisekisiwe nobusebenzayo futhi bayaqonda izinzuzo ezigcwele ezilethwa yi-UV LED - izindleko eziphansi zokuphrinta, imfucuza encane, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ozone, ukusetshenziswa kwezibani ze-Hg okungekho, kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu, abaguquli bewebhu abancane abaningi abatshala imali kuma-UV flexo press amasha bangahambisana ne-UV LED noma ohlelweni lwezibani olungathuthukiswa ngokushesha nangokunomnotho lube yi-UV LED njengoba kudingeka.”
Uyinki Okhanyisiwe Kabili
Kube nesithakazelo esikhulayo kubuchwepheshe be-UV obusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili noma obuxubile, okuyi-inki ezingasuswa kusetshenziswa ukukhanya kwe-LED okuvamile noma kwe-UV.
“Kuyaziwa kahle,” kusho uGraunke, “ukuthi iningi lama-inki aphilisa nge-LED azophilisa nange-UV kanye nezinhlelo zohlobo lwe-UV (H-UV) ezengeziwe.”
UKöhn kaSiegwerk uthe ngokuvamile, uyinki ongelashwa ngezibani ze-LED ungalashwa nangezibani ze-arc ezijwayelekile ze-Hg. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zoyinki ze-LED ziphakeme kakhulu kunezindleko zoyinki ze-UV.
“Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kusekhona ama-inki e-UV azinikele emakethe,” kusho uKöhn. “Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukunikeza uhlelo lweqiniso lokwelapha okubili, udinga ukukhetha indlela yokulinganisa izindleko nokusebenza.
“Inkampani yethu isivele iqalile ukuhlinzeka ngoyinki ocwebezelayo eminyakeni eyisithupha kuya kweyisikhombisa ngaphambili ngaphansi kwegama lomkhiqizo elithi 'UV CORE',” kusho uHinataya. “Ukukhetha i-photoinitiator kubalulekile kuyinki ocwebezelayo. Singakhetha izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanele kakhulu futhi sakhe uyinki ofanela imakethe.”
U-Erik Jacob weQembu Lokuphathwa Komkhiqizo likaZeller+Gmelin uqaphele ukuthi kunesithakazelo esikhulayo kuma-inki acwebezelayo kabili. Lesi sithakazelo sivela ekuguquguqukeni nasekusebenzisekeni okunikezwa yi-inki kumaphrinta.
“Uyinki osebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa amaphutha uvumela amaphrinta ukuthi asebenzise izinzuzo zokulungisa amaphutha e-LED, njengokusebenzisa kahle amandla kanye nokunciphisa ukuvezwa kokushisa, ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhambisana nezinhlelo zendabuko zokulungisa amaphutha e-UV ezikhona,” kusho uJacob. “Lokhu kuhambisana kukhanga kakhulu amaphrinta ashintshela kubuchwepheshe be-LED kancane kancane noma labo abasebenzisa ingxube yemishini emidala nemisha.”
UJacob wanezela ukuthi ngenxa yalokho, i-Zeller+Gmelin nezinye izinkampani ze-inki bathuthukisa i-inki engasebenza ngaphansi kwezindlela zombili zokulungisa ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi noma ukuqina, okuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe sezixazululo zokuphrinta eziguquguqukayo nezisimeme.
“Lo mkhuba uqokomisa imizamo eqhubekayo yomkhakha yokusungula izinto ezintsha nokuhlinzeka abaphrinta ngezinketho ezisebenziseka kalula nezinobungani nemvelo,” kusho uJacob.
“Ama-converter ashintshela ku-LED curing adinga i-inki engalashwa ngokwesiko nange-LED, kodwa lokhu akuyona inselele yobuchwepheshe, njengoba, ngokolwazi lwethu, wonke ama-inki e-LED alashwa kahle ngaphansi kwezibani ze-mercury,” kusho uHemmings. “Lesi sici esingokwemvelo sama-inki e-LED senza amakhasimende akwazi ukushintsha kalula kusuka kuma-inki e-UV avamile aye kuma-inki e-LED.”
UNiewiadomska uthe iFlint Group iyaqhubeka nokuthakasela ubuchwepheshe bokubumba obuphindwe kabili.
“Uhlelo lwe-Dual Cure luvumela abaguquli ukuthi basebenzise uyinki ofanayo ku-UV LED yabo kanye nomshini wokucindezela we-UV ojwayelekile, okunciphisa isitokwe kanye nobunzima,” kusho uNiewiadomska. “I-Flint Group ihamba phambili kubuchwepheshe bokwelapha be-UV LED, okuhlanganisa nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuphindwe kabili. Le nkampani ibilokhu iphayona kuma-ink e-UV LED kanye ne-Dual Cure asebenza kahle kakhulu iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ubuchwepheshe buyenze itholakale kalula futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi njengoba injalo namuhla.”
Ukususa inki kanye nokuvuselela kabusha
Njengoba isithakazelo sokuqina kwesimo sezulu sikhula, abakhiqizi beyinki kuye kwadingeka babhekane nokukhathazeka ngoyinki we-UV kanye ne-EB maqondana nokususa i-inki kanye nokuvuselela kabusha.
“Kukhona ezinye kodwa iningi lazo lincane kakhulu,” kusho uGraunke. “Siyazi ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-UV/EB ingahlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zokuvuselela izinto.
“Isibonelo, i-INX ithole amaphuzu angu-99/100 nge-INGEDE ngokukhipha i-inki ephepheni,” kuphawula uGraunke. “I-Radtech Europe yayala ucwaningo lwe-FOGRA olwanquma ukuthi uyinki we-UV offset awususwa ephepheni. I-substrate idlala indima enkulu ezimpahleni zokuvuselela iphepha, ngakho-ke kufanele kuqashelwe ekwenzeni izimangalo zokuvuselela kabusha ezihlanganisiwe zezitifiketi.
“I-INX inezixazululo zokusebenzisa kabusha amapulasitiki lapho uyinki eklanyelwe ukuhlala ngamabomu ku-substrate,” kwenezela uGraunke. “Ngale ndlela, into ephrintiwe ingahlukaniswa nepulasitiki yomzimba oyinhloko ngesikhathi senqubo yokusebenzisa kabusha ngaphandle kokungcolisa ikhambi lokuwasha elibangela ukungcola. Siphinde sibe nezixazululo ezingasuswa i-inki ezivumela ipulasitiki ephrintiwe ukuba yingxenye yomfudlana wokusebenzisa kabusha ngokususa uyinki. Lokhu kuvamile ngamafilimu ancishisiwe ukubuyisa amapulasitiki e-PET.”
UKöhn waphawula ukuthi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki, kunezinkinga, ikakhulukazi ezivela kubaphinde basebenzise, mayelana nokungcoliswa okungenzeka kwamanzi okugeza kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha.
“Imboni isivele iqalise amaphrojekthi amaningana ukufakazela ukuthi ukuqedwa kwe-inki ye-UV kungalawulwa kahle nokuthi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kokugcina kanye namanzi okugeza akungcoliswanga yizingxenye ze-inki,” kuphawula uKöhn.
“Ngokuphathelene namanzi okuwasha, ukusetshenziswa kwama-inki e-UV kunezinzuzo ezithile ngaphezu kobunye ubuchwepheshe be-inki,” kwenezela uKöhn. “Isibonelo, ifilimu epholile ihlukana nezinhlayiya ezinkulu, ezingahlungwa kalula emanzini okuwasha.
UKöhn ukhombe ukuthi uma kukhulunywa ngezicelo zephepha, ukususa i-inki kanye nokuvuselela kabusha sekuvele kuyinqubo emisiwe.
“Sekuvele kunezinhlelo ze-UV offset eziqinisekiswe yi-INGEDE njengezingasuswa kalula ephepheni, ukuze abaphrinta baqhubeke nokuzuza ezinzuzweni zobuchwepheshe be-inki ye-UV ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphinde kusetshenziswe kabusha,” kusho uKöhn.
UHinataya ubike ukuthi intuthuko iyaqhubeka maqondana nokususwa kwe-inki kanye nokuphinde kusetshenziswe izinto eziphrintiwe.
“Ephepheni, ukusatshalaliswa kweyinki okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokususa i-INGEDE kuyanda, futhi ukususa i-inking sekuyinto engenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe, kodwa inselele ukwakha ingqalasizinda yokuthuthukisa ukuvuselelwa kwezinsiza,” kwenezela uHinataya.
“Amanye ama-inki anamandla alulamayo asusa kahle i-inki, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukuphindeka kabusha,” kusho uHemmings. “Ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kanye nohlobo lwe-substrate kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekunqumeni ukusebenza kokuphinda kusetshenziswe. Ama-inki alulamayo e-Sun Chemical e-SolarWave CRCL UV-LED ahlangabezana nezidingo ze-Association of Plastic Recyclers (APR) zokugezwa nokugcinwa futhi awadingi ukusetshenziswa kwama-primer.”
I-Niewiadomska iphawule ukuthi i-Flint Group yethule uhla lwayo lwe-Evolution lwama-primer nama-varnish ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo somnotho ojikelezayo ekupakisheni.
“I-Evolution Deinking Primer ivumela ukukhunyulwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa emikhonweni ngesikhathi sokuwasha, iqinisekise ukuthi amalebula emikhonweni ancishisiwe angaphinde asetshenziswe kanye nebhodlela, okwandisa isivuno sezinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha futhi kunciphisa isikhathi nezindleko ezihambisana nenqubo yokususa ilebula,” kusho uNiewiadomska.
“I-Evolution Varnish isetshenziswa kumalebula ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwemibala, ivikela uyinki ngokuvimbela ukuphuma kwegazi nokuguguleka ngenkathi iseshalofini, bese yehla ngenqubo yokuvuselela,” engeza. “I-varnish iqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhlanzekile kwelebula ekupakishweni kwayo, okwenza ukuthi isisekelo sokupakisha siphinde sisetshenziswe sibe izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinenani eliphezulu. I-varnish ayithinti umbala weyinki, ikhwalithi yesithombe noma ukufundwa kwekhodi.
“Uhla lwe-Evolution lubhekana ngqo nezinselele zokuvuselela kabusha, futhi, ludlala indima ekuqinisekiseni ikusasa eliqinile lomkhakha wokupakisha,” kuphetha uNiewiadomska. “I-Evolution Varnish kanye ne-Deinking Primer kwenza noma yimuphi umkhiqizo ezisetshenziswa kuwo ube nethuba elikhulu lokuhamba ngokuphelele ochungechungeni lokuvuselela kabusha.”
UHarkins waphawula ukuthi ngisho noma kungathintwane ngokungaqondile, kukhona ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa koyinki be-UV kanye nokupakisha ukudla neziphuzo kanye nomthelela wabo ezinqubweni zokuvuselela. Inkinga eyinhloko imayelana nokufuduka okungenzeka kwama-photoinitiator nezinye izinto ezivela ku-yinki ziye ekudleni noma eziphuzweni, okungaba yingozi empilweni.
“Ukususa i-ink kube yinto eza kuqala kubaphrinta abagxile emvelweni,” kusho uHarkins. “I-Zeller+Gmelin ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obusha obuzovumela uyinki oqiniswe amandla ukuthi uphume enkambisweni yokuvuselela kabusha, okuvumela ukuthi ipulasitiki ehlanzekile iphinde isetshenziswe emikhiqizweni yabathengi. Lobu buchwepheshe bubizwa ngokuthi i-EarthPrint.”
UHarkins uthe maqondana nokusetshenziswa kabusha, inselele isekuhambisaneni kwama-inki nezinqubo zokusetshenziswa kabusha, njengoba amanye ama-inki e-UV angaphazamisa ukuphindeka kabusha kwephepha nepulasitiki ngokuthinta ikhwalithi yezinto eziphinde zasetshenziswa.
“Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, i-Zeller+Gmelin ibilokhu igxile ekwakheni i-inki enezakhiwo eziphansi zokufuduka ezithuthukisa ukuhambisana nezinqubo zokuvuselela kabusha, kanye nokuhambisana nemithethonqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabathengi kanye nokusimama kwemvelo,” kuphawula uHarkins.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-27-2024
