Amaphrojekthi amasha embonini kawoyela negesi yaseRussia, okuhlanganisa naseshalofini lase-Arctic, athembisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo emakethe yasekhaya yezingubo ezilwa nokugqwala.
Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lulethe umthelela omkhulu, kodwa wesikhashana emakethe yama-hydrocarbon emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-Ephreli ka-2020, isidingo sikawoyela emhlabeni wonke safinyelela ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu kusukela ngo-1995, sehlisa intengo ejwayelekile ye-Brent crude yaya ku-$28 ngebhareli ngemuva kokwenyuka okusheshayo kwempahla kawoyela eningi.
Ngesinye isikhathi, intengo kawoyela yase-US iye yaba yimbi kakhulu okokuqala emlandweni. Kodwa-ke, lezi zigameko ezinkulu azibonakali ziwumisa umsebenzi wemboni kawoyela negesi yaseRussia, njengoba isidingo somhlaba wonke sama-hydrocarbon kulindeleke ukuthi sibuye ngokushesha.
Isibonelo, i-IEA ilindele ukuthi isidingo sikawoyela sibuyele emazingeni angaphambi kwenhlekelele ngokushesha nje ngo-2022. Ukukhula kwesidingo sikaphethiloli - naphezu kokwehla okurekhodiwe ngo-2020 - kufanele kubuye esikhathini eside, ngezinga elithile, ngenxa yokusheshisa ukushintshwa kwamalahle emhlabeni wonke ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi.
Izikhondlakhondla zaseRussia iLukoil, iNovatek kanye neRosneft, kanye nezinye zinezinhlelo zokuqalisa amaphrojekthi amasha endaweni yokukhipha uwoyela negesi kokubili ezweni kanye nase-Arctic shelf. Uhulumeni waseRussia ubona ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezindawo zawo zokugcina i-Arctic nge-LNG njengengqikithi yeSu Lakhe Lamandla kuze kube ngu-2035.
Kulesi sizinda, isidingo saseRussia sezingubo zokugqoka ezilwa nokugqwala naso sinezibikezelo ezinhle kakhulu. Ukuthengiswa okuphelele kulesi sigaba kufinyelele ku-Rub18.5 billion ngo-2018 ($250 million), ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe yi-think tank Discovery Research Group eseMoscow. Izingubo zokugqoka ze-Rub7.1 billion ($90 million) zingeniswe eRussia, yize ukungenisa kulesi sigaba kuvame ukwehla, ngokusho kwabahlaziyi.
Enye inhlangano yokubonisana eseMoscow, iConcept-Center, ilinganisele ukuthi ukuthengiswa emakethe kuphakathi kwamathani angu-25,000 no-30,000 ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Isibonelo, ngo-2016, imakethe yesicelo sokugqoka okulwa nokugqwala eRussia ilinganiselwa ku-Rub 2.6 billion ($42 million). Kukholakala ukuthi imakethe ikhula kancane kancane eminyakeni edlule ngesivinini esimaphakathi samaphesenti amabili kuya kwamathathu ngonyaka.
Abahlanganyeli bemakethe baveza ukuzethemba, isidingo sezingubo zokugqoka kulesi sigaba sizokhula eminyakeni ezayo, yize umthelela wobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 ungakapheli.
"Ngokwezibikezelo zethu, isidingo sizokhula kancane [eminyakeni ezayo]. Imboni kawoyela negesi idinga izinhlobo zokumboza ezilwa nokugqwala, ezingamelani nokushisa, ezingashisi umlilo kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokumboza ukuze kuqaliswe amaphrojekthi amasha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isidingo sishintshela ekumbozeni okunezingqimba eziningi. Yiqiniso, umuntu akanakuyishaya indiva imiphumela yobhubhane lwe-coronavirus, okuyinto, ngendlela, engakapheli," kusho uMaxim Dubrovsky, umqondisi jikelele womkhiqizi wezingubo zaseRussia u-Akrus. "Ngaphansi kwesibikezelo esingenathemba, ukwakhiwa [embonini kawoyela negesi] kungase kungenzeki ngokushesha njengoba bekuhleliwe ngaphambilini.
Uhulumeni uthatha izinyathelo zokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali nokufinyelela isivinini esihleliwe sokwakha.
Ukuncintisana okungenantengo
Ngokusho kwe-Industrial Coatings, okungenani kunabadlali abangu-30 emakethe yezingubo zokumboza ezilwa nokugqwala eRussia. Abadlali abaphambili bakwamanye amazwe yiHempel, Jotun, International Protective Coatings, Steelpaint, PPG Industries, Permatex, Teknos, phakathi kwabanye.
Abaphakeli abakhulu baseRussia yi-Akrus, i-VMP, i-Russian Paints, i-Empils, i-Moscow Chemical Plant, i-ZM Volga kanye ne-Raduga.
Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ezinye izinkampani ezingezona ezaseRussia, okuhlanganisa iJotun, iHempel kanye nePPG ziye zakhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwezingubo ezilwa nokugqwala eRussia. Kunesizathu esicacile sezomnotho ngemuva kwalesi sinqumo. Isikhathi sokubuyisela emuva sokwethula izingubo ezintsha ezilwa nokugqwala emakethe yaseRussia siphakathi kweminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu, kulinganiselwa u-Azamat Gareev, inhloko ye-ZIT Rossilber.
Ngokusho kwe-Industrial Coatings, le ngxenye yemakethe yezingubo zaseRussia ingachazwa njenge-oligopsony – uhlobo lwemakethe lapho inani labathengi lincane khona. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani labathengisi likhulu. Wonke umthengi waseRussia unesethi yakhe yangaphakathi eqinile yezidingo, abahlinzeki okumele bayilandele. Umehluko phakathi kwezidingo zamakhasimende ungaba mkhulu kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kungenye yezingxenye ezimbalwa zemboni yezingubo zaseRussia, lapho intengo ingeyona phakathi kwezinto eziyinhloko ezinquma isidingo.
Isibonelo, iRosneft igunyaze izinhlobo ezingu-224 zezingubo ezilwa nokugqwala, ngokusho kwerejista yaseRussia yabahlinzeki bezingubo zemboni kawoyela negesi. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iGazprom igunyaze izingubo ezingu-55 kanti iTransneft yona yagunyaza ezingu-34 kuphela.
Kwezinye izingxenye, isabelo sokungeniswa kwempahla siphezulu impela. Isibonelo, izinkampani zaseRussia zingenisa cishe amaphesenti angama-80 ezimbozo zamaphrojekthi aphesheya kwezilwandle.
Umncintiswano emakethe yaseRussia wezingubo zokuvikela ukugqwala unamandla kakhulu, kusho uDmitry Smirnov, umqondisi jikelele weMoscow Chemical Plant. Lokhu kusunduza inkampani ukuthi ihambisane nesidingo futhi iqalise ukukhiqizwa kwemigqa emisha yokugqoka njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Le nkampani iphinde isebenzise izikhungo zesevisi, ilawula ukusetshenziswa kokugqoka, wanezela.
"Izinkampani zokugqoka zaseRussia zinamandla anele okwandisa umkhiqizo, okunganciphisa ukungeniswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Iningi lokugqoka kwezinkampani zikawoyela negesi, okuhlanganisa nalezo zephrojekthi zaphesheya kwezilwandle, kukhiqizwa ezitshalweni zaseRussia. Kulezi zinsuku, ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo sezomnotho, kuwo wonke amazwe, kubalulekile ukwandisa umkhiqizo wezimpahla zokukhiqiza kwawo," kusho uDubrobsky.
Ukuntuleka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza izembozo ezilwa nokugqwala kubalwe phakathi kwezinto ezivimbela izinkampani zaseRussia ukuthi zandise isabelo sazo emakethe, kubika i-Industrial Coatings, icaphuna abahlaziyi bemakethe bendawo. Isibonelo, kukhona ukuntuleka kwe-aliphatic isocyanates, ama-epoxy resins, uthuli lwe-zinc kanye nezinye izinhlobo zombala.
"Imboni yamakhemikhali incike kakhulu ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezingenisiwe futhi iyazwela emananini azo. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha eRussia kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe, kunezindlela ezinhle zokunikezwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa embonini yezimbozo," kusho uDubrobsky.
"Kuyadingeka ukwandisa amandla ukuze kuncintiswane, isibonelo, nabahlinzeki base-Asia. Ama-filler, ama-pigment, ama-resin, ikakhulukazi i-alkyd ne-epoxy, manje anga-odwa kubakhiqizi baseRussia. Imakethe yama-hardener e-isocyanate kanye nezithasiselo ezisebenzayo inikezwa ikakhulukazi ngokungenisa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwethu kwalezi zingxenye kumele kuxoxwe ngazo ezingeni likahulumeni."
Izembozo zamaphrojekthi aphesheya kwezilwandle zigqanyisiwe
Iphrojekthi yokuqala yaseRussia engaphandle kolwandle kwakuyiplatifomu emile yokukhiqiza uwoyela engangeni eqhweni iPrirazlomnaya olwandle oLwandle iPechora, eningizimu yeNovaya Zemlya. IGazprom ikhethe iChartek 7 kwa-International Paint Ltd. Kubikwa ukuthi inkampani ithenge ama-350,000 kg ezimbozo zokuvikela iplatifomu ekugqwaleni.
Enye inkampani kawoyela yaseRussia iLukoil ibilokhu isebenzisa ipulatifomu yeKorchagin kusukela ngo-2010 kanye nepulatifomu yePhilanovskoe kusukela ngo-2018, zombili ziseLwandle iCaspian.
I-Jotun inikeze izembozo ezilwa nokugqwala kuphrojekthi yokuqala kanye ne-Hempel kweyesibili. Kulesi sigaba, izidingo zezembozo ziqinile kakhulu, njengoba ukuvuselelwa kommeli wezembozo ngaphansi kwamanzi akunakwenzeka.
Isidingo sezingubo zokuvikela ukugqwala kwengxenye yasogwini lolwandle sihlobene nekusasa lemboni yomhlaba wonke kawoyela negesi. IRussia inamaphesenti angaba ngu-80 ezinsizakalo zikawoyela negesi ezifihliwe ngaphansi kweshelufu lase-Arctic kanye nenqwaba yezindawo ezigciniwe ezihloliwe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-US inamaphesenti ayi-10 kuphela ezinsizakalweni ezigciniwe, kulandele iCanada, iDenmark, iGreenland neNorway, ezihlukanisa amaphesenti ayi-10 asele phakathi kwazo. Izindawo ezigciniwe zikawoyela ezihloliwe zaseRussia ezilinganiselwa ukuthi zihlolwe zinezela amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zamafutha alingana nawo. INorway isendaweni yesibili ekude ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1 ezinsizakalweni eziqinisekisiwe.
“Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningana – kokubili kwezomnotho kanye nezemvelo – lezo zinsiza zingase zingatholakali,” kusho u-Anna Kireeva, umhlaziyi wenhlangano evikela imvelo iBellona. “Ngokwezibalo eziningi, isidingo somhlaba wonke sikawoyela singancipha eminyakeni emine kusukela manje, ngo-2023. Izimali ezinkulu zokutshalwa kwezimali zikahulumeni ezazakhelwe phezu kukawoyela nazo ziyayeka ukutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni kawoyela – isinyathelo esingakhuthaza ukushintsha kwemali yomhlaba wonke kusuka kumafutha njengoba ohulumeni kanye nabatshalizimali bezikhungo befaka imali emandleni avuselelekayo.”
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengama-30 ezayo - kanti igesi yakha ingxenye enkulu yemithombo yeRussia hhayi nje kuphela eshalofini lase-Arctic kodwa nasemhlabeni. UMongameli uVladimir Putin uthe uhlose ukwenza iRussia ibe ngumhlinzeki omkhulu wegesi yemvelo emhlabeni - into engenakwenzeka uma ubheka ukuncintisana kweMoscow neMpumalanga Ephakathi, kusho uKireeva.
Kodwa-ke, izinkampani zikawoyela zaseRussia zithi iphrojekthi yeshelufu cishe izoba yikusasa lemboni kawoyela negesi yaseRussia.
Enye yezindawo eziyinhloko zeRosneft yintuthuko yezinsizakusebenza ze-hydrocarbon eshalofini lezwekazi, kusho inkampani.
Namuhla, lapho cishe zonke izinkambu ezinkulu zikawoyela negesi ezisogwini zitholakala futhi zithuthukiswa, futhi lapho ubuchwepheshe kanye nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela we-shale kukhula ngokushesha, iqiniso lokuthi ikusasa lokukhiqizwa kukawoyela emhlabeni liseshalofini lezwekazi lase-World Ocean alinakuphikwa, kusho iRosneft esitatimendeni sayo kuwebhusayithi yayo. Ishalofu laseRussia linendawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni: Ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyisithupha kanti iRosneft ingumnikazi omkhulu wamalayisense eshalofu lezwekazi laseRussia, kusho inkampani.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-17-2024
