Iqembu Elisebenzayo

Ekhemistry, ikakhulukazi kumakhemikhali aphilayo, iqembu elisebenzayo yiqembu elithile lama-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-molecule enesibopho sokusabela kwamakhemikhali kwe-molecule. Kucabange "njengendawo esebenzayo" noma "ingxenye echaza indlela yokuziphatha" ye-molecule yemvelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usayizi noma umumo wayo yonke i-molecule ingakanani, iqembu elisebenzayo liziphatha ngendlela ebikezelwe ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.

Kungani Amaqembu Asebenzayo Ebalulekile?

Amaqembu asebenzayo anquma izakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kabusha kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Osokhemisi bawasebenzisela ukuhlukanisa ama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo futhi babikezele ukuthi bazosabela kanjani. Isibonelo, ama-alcohol, ama-asidi, ama-ester, nama-ketone konke aqukethe amaqembu ahlukene asebenzayo, futhi ngalinye lisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.

Ngokukhomba amaqembu asebenzayo ku-molecule, ungakwazi:

● Qagela ukuthi izoziphatha kanjani ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.
● Qonda ukunyibilika kwayo (ukuthi incibilika emanzini noma cha).
● Thola ukuthi ine-asidi noma iyisisekelo.
● Qagela iphoyinti layo lokubila noma lokuncibilika.

Izibonelo Zamaqembu Asebenzayo Avamile

Ake sibheke amanye amaqembu asebenza kakhulu ku-organic chemistry:

1. Iqembu le-Hydroxyl (-OH)

● Itholakala otshwaleni.
● Yenza amangqamuzana abe polar futhi akwazi ukwenza amabhondi e-hydrogen.
● Isibonelo: I-Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Iqembu le-Carbonyl (C=O)

● Kutholakala kuma-ketone nama-aldehyde.
● Ikhabhoni ehlanganiswe kabili e-athomu lomoya-mpilo.
● Isibonelo:
I-Ketone: I-Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
I-Aldehyde: I-Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Iqembu le-Carboxyl (-COOH)

● Itholakala kuma-carboxylic acid.
● Yenza i-molecule ibe ne-asidi.
● Isibonelo: I-Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), i-asidi eyinhloko kuviniga.

4. Iqembu le-Amino (-NH₂)

● Itholakala kuma-amine nama-amino acid.
● Ingasebenza njengesisekelo futhi yamukele ama-proton.
● Isibonelo: I-Glycine, i-amino acid.

5. Iqembu le-Ester (-COO-)

● Kutholakala kuma-esters.
● Ngokuvamile kunikeza izithelo iphunga lazo elimnandi.
● Kwakhiwe nge-asidi notshwala.
● Isibonelo: I-Ethyl acetate (isetshenziswa kusikhiphi se-nail polish).

6. Iqembu le-Ether (ROR)

● I-athomu yomoya-mpilo exhunywe kumaqembu ekhabhoni amabili.
● Okujwayelekile kuzincibilikisi.
● Isibonelo: I-Diethyl ether.

7. Iqembu le-Halide (CX)

● Lapho u-X = i-halogen efana no-F, Cl, Br, noma I.
● Itholakala kuma-alkyl halides.
● Kusetshenziswa eziqandisini nasezintweni ezibuyisela amalangabi.

8. I-Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)

● Itholakala kuma-thiols.
● Ifana ne-hydroxyl kodwa nesibabule.
● Okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni (amabhondi e-disulfide).

Amaqembu Asebenzayo kanye Nokwenza kabusha

Ukuba khona kweqembu elithile elisebenzayo ku-molecule ngokuvamile kunquma ukuthi leyo molecule izosabela kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo:

● Utshwala (-OH) bungaphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ukuze kwakhe ama-alkene.
● Ama-Carboxylic acid (-COOH) angasabelana notshwala ukuze akhe ama-ester.
● Ama-amine (-NH₂) angasebenza njengezisekelo futhi amukele ama-ion e-hydrogen.

Lokhu kuziphatha okubikezelwayo kuwusizo ngendlela emangalisayo kumakhemikhali okwenziwa, ukwakheka kwezidakamizwa, nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Amaqembu Asebenzayo kuma-Biological molecule

Amaqembu asebenzayo nawo awukhiye empilweni. Ku-biochemistry, ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamaprotheni, i-DNA, ama-carbohydrate, namafutha kuncike kakhulu emaqenjini asebenzayo aqukethwe.

● Amaprotheni aqukethe amaqembu e-amino (-NH₂) kanye ne-carboxyl (-COOH).
● Amacarbohydrate avame ukuqukatha amaqembu e-hydroxyl (-OH) kanye ne-carbonyl (C=O).
● I-DNA ne-RNA iqukethe amaqembu e-phosphate (-PO₄) nezisekelo eziqukethe i-nitrogen.

Lawa maqembu avumela ama-molecule e-biological ukuthi ahlanganyele, enze izibopho ze-hydrogen, ukudlulisa amandla, nokuningi.

Indlela Osokhemisi Abasebenzisa Ngayo Amaqembu Asebenzayo

Osokhemikhali bavame ukusebenzisa ukuphawula kweqembu okusebenzayo lapho bedweba noma beqamba ama-molecule. Ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, angase abhekisele ekuphenduleni kweqembu elihilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo:

● “I-alcohol oxidation” ibhekisela ekuphenduleni okubandakanya amaqembu -OH.
● “I-nucleophilic substitution” ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amaqembu asebenzayo e-halide.

Baphinde basebenzise ukuhlaziya kweqembu elisebenzayo ukuze babone izinhlanganisela ezingaziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana ne-infrared (IR) spectroscopy kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), njengoba iqembu ngalinye limunca amandla ngendlela ehlukile.

Isifinyezo

Iqembu elisebenzayo yiqembu elithile lama-athomu ku-molecule elinikeza i-molecule izici zayo ezithile nokusebenza kabusha. Ziyisisekelo samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ezinikeza indlela yokuhlukanisa nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi. Kusukela ku-alcohols elula kuya ku-DNA eyinkimbinkimbi, amaqembu asebenzayo asiza ukuchaza ukwakheka, ukusebenza, nokusebenza kabusha kwezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali. Ukuziqonda kubalulekile ekwazini ikhemistri, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nemithi, i-biology, kanye namakhemikhali ezimboni.