Iqembu Elisebenzayo

Kumakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi kumakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, iqembu elisebenzayo liyiqembu elithile lama-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-molecule elibangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuphawulekayo kwe-molecule. Cabanga ngalo "njengendawo esebenzayo" noma "ingxenye echaza ukuziphatha" kwe-molecule ezinto eziphilayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usayizi noma ukuma kwe-molecule esele kungakanani, iqembu elisebenzayo liziphatha ngendlela ebikezelayo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.

Kungani Amaqembu Asebenzayo Ebalulekile?

Amaqembu asebenzayo anquma izakhiwo kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-organic. Osokhemisi bawasebenzisa ukuhlukanisa ama-molecule e-organic nokubikezela ukuthi azosabela kanjani. Isibonelo, ama-alcohol, ama-acid, ama-ester, nama-ketone konke kuqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo ahlukene, futhi ngalinye lisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.

Ngokukhomba amaqembu asebenzayo ku-molecule, ungakwazi:

● Qagela ukuthi kuzoziphatha kanjani ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali.
● Qonda ukuncibilika kwayo (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyancibilika emanzini noma cha).
● Thola ukuthi ngabe ine-asidi noma iyisisekelo.
● Qagela ukuthi izobila noma izoncibilika nini.

Izibonelo Zamaqembu Asebenzayo Avamile

Ake sibheke amanye amaqembu asebenzayo avame kakhulu kumakhemikhali e-organic:

1. Iqembu le-Hydroxyl (-OH)

● Kutholakala ezidakamizweni ezidakayo.
● Kwenza ama-molecule abe ngama-polar futhi akwazi ukwakha izibopho ze-hydrogen.
● Isibonelo: I-Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Iqembu le-Carbonyl (C=O)

● Kutholakala kuma-ketone nama-aldehyde.
● Ikhabhoni ehlanganiswe kabili ne-athomu ye-oxygen.
● Isibonelo:
I-Ketone: I-Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
I-Aldehyde: I-Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Iqembu le-Carboxyl (-COOH)

● Kutholakala kuma-carbohydrate acid.
● Kwenza i-molecule ibe ne-asidi.
● Isibonelo: I-Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), i-asidi eyinhloko kuviniga.

4. Iqembu lama-Amino (-NH₂)

● Kutholakala kuma-amine nama-amino acid.
● Ingasebenza njengesisekelo futhi yamukele ama-proton.
● Isibonelo: I-Glycine, i-amino acid.

5. Iqembu le-Ester (-COO-)

● Kutholakala kuma-ester.
● Ngokuvamile kupha izithelo iphunga lazo elimnandi.
● Kwenziwe nge-asidi kanye notshwala.
● Isibonelo: I-ethyl acetate (esetshenziswa ekususeni i-nail polish).

6. Iqembu le-Ether (ROR)

● I-athomu ye-oksijini exhunywe emaqenjini amabili e-carbon.
● Kuvamile ezincibilikisini.
● Isibonelo: I-Diethyl ether.

7. Iqembu leHalide (CX)

● Lapho u-X = i-halogen efana no-F, Cl, Br, noma u-I.
● Kutholakala kuma-alkyl halides.
● Kusetshenziswa eziqandisini kanye nasezithibeni zokushisa ilangabi.

8. Iqembu le-Sulfhydryl (-SH)

● Kutholakale kuma-thiols.
● Ifana ne-hydroxyl kodwa ine-sulfur.
● Kubalulekile ekwakhiweni kweprotheni (izibopho ze-disulfide).

Amaqembu Asebenzayo kanye Nokusebenza Kabusha

Ukuba khona kweqembu elithile elisebenzayo ku-molecule kunquma kakhulu ukuthi leyo molecule izosabela kanjani. Isibonelo:

● Ama-alcohol (-OH) angasuswa amanzi emzimbeni ukuze akhe ama-alkenes.
● Ama-asidi e-carboxylic (-COOH) angasabela nama-alcohol ukuze akhe ama-ester.
● Ama-Amine (-NH₂) angasebenza njengezisekelo futhi amukele ama-ion e-hydrogen.

Lokhu kuziphatha okubikezelwayo kuwusizo kakhulu kumakhemikhali okwenziwa, ukwakheka kwezidakamizwa, kanye nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Amaqembu Asebenzayo Kuma-molecule Ezinto Eziphilayo

Amaqembu asebenzayo nawo ayisihluthulelo sempilo. Ku-biochemistry, isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wamaprotheni, i-DNA, ama-carbohydrate, namafutha kuncike kakhulu emaqenjini asebenzayo aqukethe wona.

● Amaprotheni aqukethe amaqembu e-amino (-NH₂) kanye ne-carboxyl (-COOH).
● Ama-carbohydrate avame ukuqukatha amaqembu e-hydroxyl (-OH) kanye ne-carbonyl (C=O).
● I-DNA ne-RNA ziqukethe amaqembu e-phosphate (-PO₄) kanye nezisekelo eziqukethe i-nitrogen.

La maqembu avumela ama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo ukuthi asebenzisane, akhe izibopho ze-hydrogen, adlulisele amandla, nokuningi.

Indlela Osokhemisi Abasebenzisa Ngayo Amaqembu Asebenzayo

Osokhemisi bavame ukusebenzisa ukubhalwa kweqembu okusebenzayo lapho bedweba noma beqamba ama-molecule. Ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, bangabhekisela ekuphenduleni kweqembu elihilelekile. Isibonelo:

● “Ukushiswa kotshwala” kubhekisela ekusabeleni okubandakanya amaqembu e--OH.
● “Ukushintshaniswa kwe-Nucleophilic” kuvame ukuhilela amaqembu asebenzayo e-halide.

Basebenzisa futhi ukuhlaziywa kweqembu okusebenzayo ukuhlonza amakhemikhali angaziwa besebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-infrared (IR) spectroscopy kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), njengoba iqembu ngalinye limunca amandla ngendlela ehlukile.

Isifinyezo

Iqembu elisebenzayo liyiqembu elithile lama-athomu ku-molecule elinikeza i-molecule izakhiwo zayo ezithile kanye nokusabela kwayo. Ziyisisekelo se-organic chemistry, enikeza indlela yokuhlukanisa nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi. Kusukela kuma-alcohols alula kuya ku-DNA eyinkimbinkimbi, amaqembu asebenzayo asiza ekuchazeni isakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ukuwaqonda kubalulekile ekuqondeni i-chemistry, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nemithi, i-biology, kanye ne-industrial chemistry.